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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of select multi-layered transition metal carbides (MXenes)
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of select multi-layered transition metal carbides (MXenes)

Joseph Halim, Kevin M Cook, Michael Naguib, Per Eklund, Yury Gogotsi, Johanna Rosen and Michel W Barsoum
Applied surface science, v 362(C), pp 406-417
30 Jan 2016
url
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.089View
Published, Version of Record (VoR) Open

Abstract

Metal carbides XPS MXene ESI Highly Cited Paper (Incites)
•Surface chemistry of MXenes characterized by XPS.•Studied the surface chemistry of the MXenes Ti3C2Tx, Ti2CTx, Ti3CNTx, Nb2CTx and Nb4C3Tx.•Freshly prepared and aged surfaces were compared.•Four surface moieties were confirmed, including O, OH and F, H2Oads. In this work, a detailed high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis is presented for select MXenes—a recently discovered family of two-dimensional (2D) carbides and carbonitrides. Given their 2D nature, understanding their surface chemistry is paramount. Herein we identify and quantify the surface groups present before, and after, sputter-cleaning as well as freshly prepared vs. aged multi-layered cold pressed discs. The nominal compositions of the MXenes studied here are Ti3C2Tx, Ti2CTx, Ti3CNTx, Nb2CTx and Nb4C3Tx, where T represents surface groups that this work attempts to quantify. In all the cases, the presence of three surface terminations, O, OH and F, in addition to OH-terminations relatively strongly bonded to H2O molecules, was confirmed. From XPS peak fits, it was possible to establish the average sum of the negative charges of the terminations for the aforementioned MXenes. Based on this work, it is now possible to quantify the nature of the surface terminations. This information can, in turn, be used to better design and tailor these novel 2D materials for various applications.

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Collaboration types
Domestic collaboration
International collaboration
Web of Science research areas
Chemistry, Physical
Materials Science, Coatings & Films
Physics, Applied
Physics, Condensed Matter
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