A search for extremely-high-energy neutrinos and first constraints on the ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray proton fraction with IceCube

IceCube Collaboration; R Abbasi; M Ackermann; J Adams; S. K Agarwalla; J. A Aguilar; M Ahlers; J. M Alameddine; N. M Amin; K Andeen; C Argüelles; Y Ashida; S Athanasiadou; S. N Axani; R Babu; X Bai; A. Balagopal V; M Baricevic; S. W Barwick; S Bash; V Basu; R Bay; J. J Beatty; J. Becker Tjus; J Beise; C Bellenghi; S BenZvi; D Berley; E Bernardini; D. Z Besson; E Blaufuss; L Bloom; S Blot; F Bontempo; J. Y. Book Motzkin; C. Boscolo Meneguolo; S Böser; O Botner; J Böttcher; J Braun; B Brinson; Z Brisson-Tsavoussis; J Brostean-Kaiser; L Brusa; R. T Burley; D Butterfield; M. A Campana; I Caracas; K Carloni; J Carpio; S Chattopadhyay; N Chau; Z Chen; D Chirkin; S Choi; B. A Clark; A Coleman; P Coleman; G. H Collin; A Connolly; J. M Conrad; R Corley; D. F Cowen; C De Clercq; J. J DeLaunay; D Delgado; S Deng; A Desai; P Desiati; K. D de Vries; G de Wasseige; T DeYoung; A Diaz; J. C Díaz-Vélez; P Dierichs; M Dittmer; A Domi; L Draper; H Dujmovic; D Durnford; K Dutta; M. A DuVernois; T Ehrhardt; L Eidenschink; A Eimer; P Eller; E Ellinger; S. El Mentawi; D Elsässer; R Engel; H Erpenbeck; W Esmail; J Evans; P. A Evenson; K. L Fan; K Fang; K Farrag; A. R Fazely; A Fedynitch; N Feigl; S Fiedlschuster; C Finley; L Fischer; D Fox; A Franckowiak; S Fukami; P Fürst; J Gallagher; E Ganster; A Garcia; M Garcia; G Garg; E Genton; L Gerhardt; A Ghadimi; C Girard-Carillo; C Glaser; T Glüsenkamp; J. G Gonzalez; S Goswami; A Granados; D Grant; S. J Gray; S Griffin; S Griswold; K. M Groth; D Guevel; C Günther; P Gutjahr; C Ha; C Haack; A Hallgren; L Halve; F Halzen; L Hamacher; H Hamdaoui; M. Ha Minh; M Handt; K Hanson; J Hardin; A. A Harnisch; P Hatch; A Haungs; J Häußler; K Helbing; J Hellrung; J Hermannsgabner; L Heuermann; N Heyer; S Hickford; A Hidvegi; C Hill; G. C Hill; R Hmaid; K. D Hoffman; S Hori; K Hoshina; M Hostert; W Hou; T Huber; K Hultqvist; M Hünnefeld; R Hussain; K Hymon; A Ishihara; W Iwakiri; M Jacquart; S Jain; O Janik; M Jansson; M Jeong; M Jin; B. J. P Jones; N Kamp; D Kang; W Kang; X Kang; A Kappes; D Kappesser; L Kardum; T Karg; M Karl; A Karle; A Katil; U Katz; M Kauer; J. L Kelley; M Khanal; A. Khatee Zathul; A Kheirandish; J Kiryluk; S. R Klein; Y Kobayashi; A Kochocki; R Koirala; H Kolanoski; T Kontrimas; L Köpke; C Kopper; D. J Koskinen; P Koundal; M Kowalski; T Kozynets; N Krieger; J Krishnamoorthi; T Krishnan; K Kruiswijk; E Krupczak; A Kumar; E Kun; N Kurahashi; N Lad; C. Lagunas Gualda; M Lamoureux; M. J Larson; F Lauber; J. P Lazar; K. Leonard DeHolton; A Leszczyńska; J Liao; M Lincetto; Y. T Liu; M Liubarska; C Love; L Lu; F Lucarelli; W Luszczak; Y Lyu; J Madsen; E Magnus; K. B. M Mahn; Y Makino; E Manao; S Mancina; A Mand; W. Marie Sainte; I. C Mariş; S Marka; Z Marka; M Marsee; I Martinez-Soler; R Maruyama; F Mayhew; F McNally; J. V Mead; K Meagher; S Mechbal; A Medina; M Meier; Y Merckx; L Merten; J Mitchell; T Montaruli; R. W Moore; Y Morii; R Morse; M Moulai; T Mukherjee; R Naab; M Nakos; U Naumann; J Necker; A Negi; L Neste; M Neumann; H Niederhausen; M. U Nisa; K Noda; A Noell; A Novikov; A. Obertacke Pollmann; V O'Dell; A Olivas; R Orsoe; J Osborn; E O'Sullivan; V Palusova; H Pandya; N Park; G. K Parker; V Parrish; E. N Paudel; L Paul; C. Pérez de los Heros; T Pernice; J Peterson; A Pizzuto; M Plum; A Pontén; Y Popovych; M. Prado Rodriguez; B Pries; R Procter-Murphy; G. T Przybylski; L Pyras; C Raab; J Rack-Helleis; N Rad; M Ravn; K Rawlins; Z Rechav; A Rehman; E Resconi; S Reusch; W Rhode; B Riedel; A Rifaie; E. J Roberts; S Robertson; S Rodan; M Rongen; A Rosted; C Rott; T Ruhe; L Ruohan; I Safa; J Saffer; D Salazar-Gallegos; P Sampathkumar; A Sandrock; M Santander; S Sarkar; J Savelberg; P Savina; P Schaile; M Schaufel; H Schieler; S Schindler; L Schlickmann; B Schlüter; F Schlüter; N Schmeisser; T Schmidt; J Schneider; F. G Schröder; L Schumacher; S Schwirn; S Sclafani; D Seckel; L Seen; M Seikh; M Seo; S Seunarine; P. A. Sevle Myhr; R Shah; S Shefali; N Shimizu; M Silva; B Skrzypek; B Smithers; R Snihur; J Soedingrekso; A Søgaard; D Soldin; P Soldin; G Sommani; C Spannfellner; G. M Spiczak; C Spiering; J Stachurska; M Stamatikos; T Stanev; T Stezelberger; T Stürwald; T Stuttard; G. W Sullivan; I Taboada; S Ter-Antonyan; A Terliuk; M Thiesmeyer; W. G Thompson; J Thwaites; S Tilav; K Tollefson; C Tönnis; S Toscano; D Tosi; A Trettin; M. A. Unland Elorrieta; A. K Upadhyay; K Upshaw; A Vaidyanathan; N Valtonen-Mattila; J Vandenbroucke; N van Eijndhoven; D Vannerom; J van Santen; J Vara; F Varsi; J Veitch-Michaelis; M Venugopal; M Vereecken; S. Vergara Carrasco; S Verpoest; D Veske; A Vijai; C Walck; A Wang; C Weaver; P Weigel; A Weindl; J Weldert; A. Y Wen; C Wendt; J Werthebach; M Weyrauch; N Whitehorn; C. H Wiebusch; D. R Williams; L Witthaus; M Wolf; G Wrede; X. W Xu; J. P Yanez; E Yildizci; S Yoshida; R Young; F Yu; S Yu; T Yuan; A Zegarelli; S Zhang; Z Zhang; P Zhelnin; P Zilberman; M Zimmerman

doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.01963

$A search for extremely-high-energy neutrinos and first constraints on the ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray proton fraction with IceCube$

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A search for extremely-high-energy neutrinos and first constraints on the ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray proton fraction with IceCube

IceCube Collaboration, R Abbasi, M Ackermann, J Adams, S. K Agarwalla, J. A Aguilar, M Ahlers, J. M Alameddine, N. M Amin, K Andeen, …

IACAPAP ArXiv (Online)

03 Feb 2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.01963

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Abstract

Physics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena

We present a search for the diffuse extremely-high-energy neutrino flux using $12.6$ years of IceCube data. The non-observation of neutrinos with energies well above $10 \, \mathrm{PeV}$ constrains the all-flavor neutrino flux at $10^{18} \, \mathrm{eV}$ to a level of $E^2 \Phi_{\nu_e + \nu_\mu + \nu_\tau} \simeq 10^{-8} \, \mathrm{GeV} \, \mathrm{cm}^{-2} \, \mathrm{s}^{-1} \, \mathrm{sr}^{-1}$, the most stringent limit to date. Using this data, we constrain the proton fraction of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) above $\simeq 30 \, \mathrm{EeV}$ to be $\lesssim 70\,$% (at $90\,$% CL) if the cosmological evolution of the sources is comparable to or stronger than the star formation rate. This result complements direct air-shower measurements by being insensitive to uncertainties associated with hadronic interaction models. It is the first such result to disfavor the ``proton-only" hypothesis for UHECRs using neutrino data.

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Title: A search for extremely-high-energy neutrinos and first constraints on the ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray proton fraction with IceCube
Creators: IceCube Collaboration
R Abbasi
M Ackermann
J Adams
S. K Agarwalla
J. A Aguilar
M Ahlers
J. M Alameddine
N. M Amin
K Andeen
C Argüelles
Y Ashida
S Athanasiadou
S. N Axani
R Babu
X Bai
A. Balagopal V
M Baricevic
S. W Barwick
S Bash
V Basu
R Bay
J. J Beatty
J. Becker Tjus
J Beise
C Bellenghi
S BenZvi
D Berley
E Bernardini
D. Z Besson
E Blaufuss
L Bloom
S Blot
F Bontempo
J. Y. Book Motzkin
C. Boscolo Meneguolo
S Böser
O Botner
J Böttcher
J Braun
B Brinson
Z Brisson-Tsavoussis
J Brostean-Kaiser
L Brusa
R. T Burley
D Butterfield
M. A Campana
I Caracas
K Carloni
J Carpio
S Chattopadhyay
N Chau
Z Chen
D Chirkin
S Choi
B. A Clark
A Coleman
P Coleman
G. H Collin
A Connolly
J. M Conrad
R Corley
D. F Cowen
C De Clercq
J. J DeLaunay
D Delgado
S Deng
A Desai
P Desiati
K. D de Vries
G de Wasseige
T DeYoung
A Diaz
J. C Díaz-Vélez
P Dierichs
M Dittmer
A Domi
L Draper
H Dujmovic
D Durnford
K Dutta
M. A DuVernois
T Ehrhardt
L Eidenschink
A Eimer
P Eller
E Ellinger
S. El Mentawi
D Elsässer
R Engel
H Erpenbeck
W Esmail
J Evans
P. A Evenson
K. L Fan
K Fang
K Farrag
A. R Fazely
A Fedynitch
N Feigl
S Fiedlschuster
C Finley
L Fischer
D Fox
A Franckowiak
S Fukami
P Fürst
J Gallagher
E Ganster
A Garcia
M Garcia
G Garg
E Genton
L Gerhardt
A Ghadimi
C Girard-Carillo
C Glaser
T Glüsenkamp
J. G Gonzalez
S Goswami
A Granados
D Grant
S. J Gray
S Griffin
S Griswold
K. M Groth
D Guevel
C Günther
P Gutjahr
C Ha
C Haack
A Hallgren
L Halve
F Halzen
L Hamacher
H Hamdaoui
M. Ha Minh
M Handt
K Hanson
J Hardin
A. A Harnisch
P Hatch
A Haungs
J Häußler
K Helbing
J Hellrung
J Hermannsgabner
L Heuermann
N Heyer
S Hickford
A Hidvegi
C Hill
G. C Hill
R Hmaid
K. D Hoffman
S Hori
K Hoshina
M Hostert
W Hou
T Huber
K Hultqvist
M Hünnefeld
R Hussain
K Hymon
A Ishihara
W Iwakiri
M Jacquart
S Jain
O Janik
M Jansson
M Jeong
M Jin
B. J. P Jones
N Kamp
D Kang
W Kang
X Kang
A Kappes
D Kappesser
L Kardum
T Karg
M Karl
A Karle
A Katil
U Katz
M Kauer
J. L Kelley
M Khanal
A. Khatee Zathul
A Kheirandish
J Kiryluk
S. R Klein
Y Kobayashi
A Kochocki
R Koirala
H Kolanoski
T Kontrimas
L Köpke
C Kopper
D. J Koskinen
P Koundal
M Kowalski
T Kozynets
N Krieger
J Krishnamoorthi
T Krishnan
K Kruiswijk
E Krupczak
A Kumar
E Kun
N Kurahashi
N Lad
C. Lagunas Gualda
M Lamoureux
M. J Larson
F Lauber
J. P Lazar
K. Leonard DeHolton
A Leszczyńska
J Liao
M Lincetto
Y. T Liu
M Liubarska
C Love
L Lu
F Lucarelli
W Luszczak
Y Lyu
J Madsen
E Magnus
K. B. M Mahn
Y Makino
E Manao
S Mancina
A Mand
W. Marie Sainte
I. C Mariş
S Marka
Z Marka
M Marsee
I Martinez-Soler
R Maruyama
F Mayhew
F McNally
J. V Mead
K Meagher
S Mechbal
A Medina
M Meier
Y Merckx
L Merten
J Mitchell
T Montaruli
R. W Moore
Y Morii
R Morse
M Moulai
T Mukherjee
R Naab
M Nakos
U Naumann
J Necker
A Negi
L Neste
M Neumann
H Niederhausen
M. U Nisa
K Noda
A Noell
A Novikov
A. Obertacke Pollmann
V O'Dell
A Olivas
R Orsoe
J Osborn
E O'Sullivan
V Palusova
H Pandya
N Park
G. K Parker
V Parrish
E. N Paudel
L Paul
C. Pérez de los Heros
T Pernice
J Peterson
A Pizzuto
M Plum
A Pontén
Y Popovych
M. Prado Rodriguez
B Pries
R Procter-Murphy
G. T Przybylski
L Pyras
C Raab
J Rack-Helleis
N Rad
M Ravn
K Rawlins
Z Rechav
A Rehman
E Resconi
S Reusch
W Rhode
B Riedel
A Rifaie
E. J Roberts
S Robertson
S Rodan
M Rongen
A Rosted
C Rott
T Ruhe
L Ruohan
I Safa
J Saffer
D Salazar-Gallegos
P Sampathkumar
A Sandrock
M Santander
S Sarkar
J Savelberg
P Savina
P Schaile
M Schaufel
H Schieler
S Schindler
L Schlickmann
B Schlüter
F Schlüter
N Schmeisser
T Schmidt
J Schneider
F. G Schröder
L Schumacher
S Schwirn
S Sclafani
D Seckel
L Seen
M Seikh
M Seo
S Seunarine
P. A. Sevle Myhr
R Shah
S Shefali
N Shimizu
M Silva
B Skrzypek
B Smithers
R Snihur
J Soedingrekso
A Søgaard
D Soldin
P Soldin
G Sommani
C Spannfellner
G. M Spiczak
C Spiering
J Stachurska
M Stamatikos
T Stanev
T Stezelberger
T Stürwald
T Stuttard
G. W Sullivan
I Taboada
S Ter-Antonyan
A Terliuk
M Thiesmeyer
W. G Thompson
J Thwaites
S Tilav
K Tollefson
C Tönnis
S Toscano
D Tosi
A Trettin
M. A. Unland Elorrieta
A. K Upadhyay
K Upshaw
A Vaidyanathan
N Valtonen-Mattila
J Vandenbroucke
N van Eijndhoven
D Vannerom
J van Santen
J Vara
F Varsi
J Veitch-Michaelis
M Venugopal
M Vereecken
S. Vergara Carrasco
S Verpoest
D Veske
A Vijai
C Walck
A Wang
C Weaver
P Weigel
A Weindl
J Weldert
A. Y Wen
C Wendt
J Werthebach
M Weyrauch
N Whitehorn
C. H Wiebusch
D. R Williams
L Witthaus
M Wolf
G Wrede
X. W Xu
J. P Yanez
E Yildizci
S Yoshida
R Young
F Yu
S Yu
T Yuan
A Zegarelli
S Zhang
Z Zhang
P Zhelnin
P Zilberman
M Zimmerman
Publication Details: IACAPAP ArXiv (Online)
Resource Type: Preprint
Language: English
Academic Unit: Physics
Other Identifier: 991022024203404721

A search for extremely-high-energy neutrinos and first constraints on the ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray proton fraction with IceCube

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