Preprint
Inheritance of the genome-less apicoplast in the "apicoplast-minus" Plasmodium falciparum
bioRxiv
05 Mar 2025
PMID: 40093041
Abstract
Most apicomplexan parasites contain a plastid-derived organelle called the apicoplast, which originated through secondary endosymbiosis. As a result of this evolutionary trajectory, the non-photosynthetic apicoplast is surrounded by four membranes and contains many bacterial-like, druggable targets. It is widely accepted that asexual malaria parasites ( Plasmodium falciparum ) can thrive under antibiotic treatment if supplemented with high concentrations of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, 200 µM) and these IPP-rescued parasites are thought to lack the apicoplast and its 35 kb genome but possess many vesicles. However, our findings challenge this apicoplast-minus concept. In late-stage schizonts, we observed that the apicoplast-derived vesicles nearly colocalize with mitochondria and are properly distributed into merozoites during schizogony, suggesting that they are inherited rather than newly synthesized in each asexual cycle. Further, immuno-electron microscopy (immuno-EM) revealed that the "apicoplast-minus" parasites possess structures surrounded by four membranes, in addition to single-membrane-surrounded entities. The presence of four-membrane-bound structures suggests that the apicoplast has not truly disappeared in the "apicoplast-minus" P. falciparum but remains in a distinct, diminished form. We termed this genome-less apicoplast derivative the apicosome, drawing an analogy to the genome-less mitochondrial derivative known as the mitosome. We propose that apicosomes retain essential biochemical and/or structural functions, which act as barriers to the complete loss of apicoplast when the parasites face antibiotic stress and IPP rescue.Most apicomplexan parasites contain a plastid-derived organelle called the apicoplast, which originated through secondary endosymbiosis. As a result of this evolutionary trajectory, the non-photosynthetic apicoplast is surrounded by four membranes and contains many bacterial-like, druggable targets. It is widely accepted that asexual malaria parasites ( Plasmodium falciparum ) can thrive under antibiotic treatment if supplemented with high concentrations of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, 200 µM) and these IPP-rescued parasites are thought to lack the apicoplast and its 35 kb genome but possess many vesicles. However, our findings challenge this apicoplast-minus concept. In late-stage schizonts, we observed that the apicoplast-derived vesicles nearly colocalize with mitochondria and are properly distributed into merozoites during schizogony, suggesting that they are inherited rather than newly synthesized in each asexual cycle. Further, immuno-electron microscopy (immuno-EM) revealed that the "apicoplast-minus" parasites possess structures surrounded by four membranes, in addition to single-membrane-surrounded entities. The presence of four-membrane-bound structures suggests that the apicoplast has not truly disappeared in the "apicoplast-minus" P. falciparum but remains in a distinct, diminished form. We termed this genome-less apicoplast derivative the apicosome, drawing an analogy to the genome-less mitochondrial derivative known as the mitosome. We propose that apicosomes retain essential biochemical and/or structural functions, which act as barriers to the complete loss of apicoplast when the parasites face antibiotic stress and IPP rescue.
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Details
- Title
- Inheritance of the genome-less apicoplast in the "apicoplast-minus" Plasmodium falciparum
- Creators
- Wei XuIkechukwu NwankwoSean T PriggeHangjun Ke
- Publication Details
- bioRxiv
- Resource Type
- Preprint
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Microbiology and Immunology
- Other Identifier
- 991022041489704721