Journal article
COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM JET FUEL, A FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHETIC FUEL, AND A BIOMASS FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER FUEL FOR A GAS TURBINE ENGINE
Combustion science and technology, v 183(10), pp 1039-1068
Oct 2011
Abstract
We report combustion emissions data for several alternatives to petroleum based Jet A jet fuel, including a natural gas-derived Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthetic fuel; a 50/50 blend of the FT synthetic fuel with Jet A-1; a 20/80 blend of a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) with jet fuel; and a 40/60 blend of FAME with jet fuel. The chief distinguishing features of the alternative fuels are reduced (for blends) or negligible (for pure fuels) aromatic content and increased oxygen content (for FAME blends). A CFM International CFM56-7 gas turbine engine was the test engine, and we measured NOX, CO, speciated volatile organic compounds (including oxygenates, olefins, and aromatic compounds), and nonvolatile particle size distribution, number, and mass emissions. We developed several new methods that account for fuel energy content and used the new methods to evaluate potential fuel effects on emissions performance. Our results are categorized as follows: (1) regulated pollutant emissions, CO, and NOX; (2) volatile organic compound emissions speciation; and (3) particle emissions. Replacing all or part of the petroleum jet fuel with either FAME or FT fuel reduces NOX emissions and may reduce CO emissions. Combustion of FT fuel and fuel blends increases selectivities and in some cases yields of oxygenates and some hydrocarbon volatile organic compound emissions relative to petroleum jet fuel. Combustion of FAME fuel increases propene and butene emissions, but despite its oxygen content does not strongly affect oxygenate emissions. Replacing petroleum jet fuel with zero aromatic alternatives decreases the emissions of aromatic hydrocarbons. The fuel effects become more pronounced as the size of the aromatic molecule increases (e. g., toluene is reduced more strongly than benzene). Particle emissions are decreased in particle size, number density, and total mass when petroleum jet fuel is replaced with the zero aromatic fuels. The effects of fuel composition on particle emissions are most pronounced at lower power conditions, i.e., when combustion temperature and pressure are lower, and less efficient mixing may lead to locally higher fuel/air ratios than are present at higher power.
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Details
- Title
- COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM JET FUEL, A FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHETIC FUEL, AND A BIOMASS FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER FUEL FOR A GAS TURBINE ENGINE
- Creators
- Michael T. Timko - Aerodyne ResearchScott C. Herndon - Aerodyne ResearchElena de la Rosa Blanco - Aerodyne ResearchEzra C. Wood - Aerodyne ResearchZhenhong Yu - Aerodyne ResearchRichard C. Miake-Lye - Aerodyne ResearchW. Berk Knighton - Montana State UniversityLinda Shafer - University of DaytonMatthew J. DeWitt - University of DaytonEdwin Corporan - United States Air Force Research Laboratory
- Publication Details
- Combustion science and technology, v 183(10), pp 1039-1068
- Publisher
- Taylor & Francis
- Number of pages
- 30
- Grant note
- CFM International
- Resource Type
- Journal article
- Language
- English
- Academic Unit
- Chemistry
- Web of Science ID
- WOS:000294897000005
- Scopus ID
- 2-s2.0-80053020633
- Other Identifier
- 991020902977104721
InCites Highlights
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- Collaboration types
- Industry collaboration
- Domestic collaboration
- Web of Science research areas
- Energy & Fuels
- Engineering, Chemical
- Engineering, Multidisciplinary
- Thermodynamics