Genetic Contributions to Maternal and Neonatal Vitamin D Levels
Michela Traglia, Gayle C Windham, Michelle Pearl, Victor Poon, Darryl Eyles, Karen L Jones, Kristen Lyall, Martin Kharrazi, Lisa A Croen and Lauren A Weiss
Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder - genetics Chemokine CXCL6 - genetics Duffy Blood-Group System - genetics Female Fetal Blood - metabolism Humans Infant, Newborn Interleukin-8 - genetics Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide Pregnancy Protein Kinase C - genetics Receptors, Cell Surface - genetics Vitamin D - blood Vitamin D - genetics Vitamin D-Binding Protein - genetics
Vitamin D is essential for several physiological functions and biological processes. Increasing levels of maternal vitamin D are required throughout pregnancy as a unique source of vitamin D for the fetus, and consequently maternal vitamin D deficiency may result in several adverse outcomes in newborns. However, the genetic regulation of vitamin D in pregnancy and at birth is not yet well understood. We performed genome-wide association studies of maternal midgestational serum-derived and neonatal blood-spot-derived total 25-hydroxyvitamin D from a case-control study of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We identified one fetal locus (rs4588) significantly associated with neonatal vitamin D levels in the
gene, encoding the binding protein for the transport and function of vitamin D. We also found suggestive cross-associated loci for neonatal and maternal vitamin D near immune genes, such as
and
We found no interactions with ASD. However, when including a set of cases with intellectual disability but not ASD (
= 179), we observed a suggestive interaction between decreased levels of neonatal vitamin D and a specific maternal genotype near the
gene. Our results suggest that genetic variation influences total vitamin D levels during pregnancy and at birth via proteins in the vitamin D pathway, but also potentially via distinct mechanisms involving loci with known roles in immune function that might be involved in vitamin D pathophysiology in pregnancy.