Published, Version of Record (VoR) Open Access via Drexel Libraries Read and Publish Program 2026 Open CC BY-NC V4.0
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation, is pivotal for tissue repair, wound healing, and the treatment of ischemic diseases. MXenes, a rapidly expanding family of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, combine high specific surface area, tunable surface chemistry, intrinsic electrical conductivity, and strong photothermal responsiveness, positioning them as promising materials for vascular regeneration. This review summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which MXenes promote angiogenesis, including improved endothelial cell uptake, modulation of reactive oxygen species, and controlled delivery of pro-angiogenic cues. We survey emerging MXene-enabled platforms, such as conductive hydrogels, three-dimensional printed scaffolds, photothermal wound dressings, and implant coatings that demonstrate accelerated neovascularization in preclinical models of wound-healing, bone-repair, and ischemia. Key translational challenges, including long-term biocompatibility, biodegradability, scalable and sustainable synthesis, and regulatory considerations, are critically discussed. Finally, we outline strategic directions for the field, including integration of MXenes into biodegradable polymer matrices, development of stimuli-responsive delivery systems for precision angiogenic therapy, and establishment of standardized manufacturing and regulatory pathways. Addressing these challenges through interdisciplinary efforts will be essential for translating MXene-based angiogenic technologies into clinically viable regenerative therapies.
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Title
MXene-based platforms for angiogenesis and vascular regeneration
Creators
Elham Vojoudi - Drexel University
Hossein Vojoudi - Drexel University, Chemical and Biological Engineering
Masoud Soroush (Corresponding Author) - Drexel University, Chemical and Biological Engineering